This article provides an in-depth biomechanical analysis of both lower and upper body kinematics in volleyball players, focusing on key actions such as serving and spiking. By evaluating the maximum and minimum ranges of motion in the pelvis, hips, knees, ankles, shoulders, and elbows, the study highlights the asymmetry between dominant and non-dominant limbs and how this influences force generation, stability, and performance efficiency. The findings emphasize the role of the pelvis in rotational force transmission, the hips in vertical stability, and the shoulders and elbows in generating power for ball entry. These kinematic insights contribute to optimizing training strategies and injury prevention for volleyball players.

Volleyball biomechanics, kinematic analysis, shoulder flexion/extension

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