International Journal Of Literature And Languages

Lexical And Phraseological Features Of Ecological Speech Units In English

2026-02-13T06:53:25+00:00

This paper explores the lexical and phraseological aspects of ecological speech units in modern English from an ecolinguistic viewpoint. It looks into semantic layers, metaphorical extensions, neologisms, and idiomatic patterns that shape how people talk about the environment, human impact, and sustainability. By examining real-life examples from media, policy texts, and everyday language, the study shows how certain expressions reinforce anthropocentric attitudes while others encourage harmony with nature. Ultimately, it argues for more mindful language use to support positive ecological awareness and action in global discourse.

Landscapes Of A Woman's Heart In The Poetry Of Zebo Mirzayeva

2026-02-21T16:46:13+00:00

The article discusses some principles and significance of the poetry of the independence period. The unique aspects of Zebo Mirzayeva's poetry are analyzed.

Gendered Politeness, Discursive Identity, and the Construction of Strong Personality in Shakespearean and Modern Linguistic Contexts

2026-02-01T02:15:42+00:00

This research article explores the interrelationship between gendered politeness, discursive identity, and the literary construction of the “strong personality” by synthesizing Shakespearean literary analysis with contemporary linguopragmatic and gender-discourse theories. Drawing strictly on the provided references, particularly the works of Zayniddinovna and Djalilova, the study examines how Renaissance anthropocentrism and modern linguistic theories converge on the representation of authority, agency, and interpersonal power. Shakespeare’s Richard III and Macbeth, as examined by Zayniddinovna (2022), provide archetypal models of strong personalities whose power is linguistically encoded through strategies of dominance, persuasion, and emotional manipulation. Simultaneously, modern linguistic research on politeness, gender differentiation, and discourse, as articulated by Djalilova (2022) and Obidovna (2022), offers an analytical framework for understanding how similar mechanisms operate in everyday and literary communication.

The article positions politeness not merely as a social courtesy but as a strategic linguistic instrument that reflects and shapes power relations. Gendered discourse elements, including speech etiquette formulas, evaluative language, and pragmatic markers, are shown to function as tools through which strong personalities negotiate authority and social legitimacy. The theoretical contribution of this work lies in bridging Renaissance literary theory with contemporary linguopragmatics, demonstrating that the “strong personality” is not a historically isolated construct but a recurring discursive phenomenon sustained through linguistic behavior. Through detailed textual and theoretical analysis, the study argues that Shakespeare’s characters exemplify patterns of gendered and politeness-based communication that remain recognizable in modern discourse.

Methodologically, the research employs a qualitative, interpretative approach grounded in discourse analysis and literary pragmatics, integrating insights from gender linguistics, politeness theory, and Renaissance anthropocentrism. The findings reveal that strong personalities are consistently associated with the strategic manipulation of politeness norms and gendered speech patterns, whether in Shakespearean drama or in contemporary communicative practices. The article concludes that understanding the linguistic foundations of strong personality enhances both literary interpretation and the analysis of modern interpersonal communication, opening new pathways for interdisciplinary research.

Contemporary Technological Influences On Phraseological Development: A Linguistic And Sociocultural Analysis

2026-02-14T20:42:16+00:00

This research is aimed at identifying new phraseological units that have emerged under the influence of modern technologies in English and Uzbek languages, and analyzing their linguistic characteristics and social acceptance. The research was conducted in 2024-2025 based on a survey conducted on the Google Forms platform in two languages (English and Uzbek). Respondents from various social and age groups over 18 years old were involved. During the study of character phraseological units, phraseological units that emerged under the influence of modern technologies were separately identified and analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. In English, phraseological units that emerged under the influence of digital communication and internet memes such as “galaxy brain”, “grinding”, “couch potato” were identified.

The Influence Of Gender On Language Use: A Sociolinguistic Exploration Of Communication Patterns

2026-02-12T07:46:03+00:00

Language and gender are interlinked in complex ways, reflecting societal norms and expectations that shape communication patterns. This paper explores the relationship between language and gender through sociolinguistic lenses, focusing on gender differences in language use. It investigates how males and females express themselves differently in terms of syntax, phonology, and conversation strategies. Previous research has emphasized either the differences in language use or the maintenance of power structures via language. This study combines these perspectives, highlighting both the variances and similarities in male and female linguistic behaviors. By employing a qualitative and quantitative approach, this paper investigates the key factors influencing language use, such as gender stereotypes, cultural contexts, and social roles. Through the analysis of natural conversations, the study examines whether women speak more than men, whether they follow turn-taking rules differently, and whether their speech is more indirect or less assertive. The findings suggest that while some gender-based differences exist, they are often shaped by social dynamics and contextual factors, rather than being inherent to gender itself. This research contributes to the ongoing discussion of language and gender, emphasizing the need for a broader, more nuanced understanding of this relationship.

Artistic Expression Of The Author’s Concept In Alisher Navoi’s “Vaqfiya”

2026-02-20T11:45:46+00:00

This article analyzes Alisher Navoi’s “Vaqfiya” as a work in which the documentary genre and artistic style are organically integrated, functioning as a means of revealing the author’s conceptual framework. As a historical source, “Vaqfiya” presents Navoi not only as a creative writer but also as a statesman and an active participant in social governance. The text comprehensively reflects the author’s worldview, personal life experience, system of values, and political views. Particular attention is given to reflections on the complex socio-political conditions of the period, as well as to philosophical considerations concerning the relationship between the individual and the state.

The Representation Of Folk Heroes In The Epic “Er Qosay”

2026-02-14T20:31:12+00:00

The article discusses the epic heritage of the Karakalpak people, focusing on the epic “Er Qosay.” It analyzes the creation of ideal heroic figures within the epic. “Er Qosay” is classified as a heroic epic, and its composition and epic events are scientifically examined as being based on the plots from the period of the Nogai tribes in the 14th–16th centuries. The epic heroes, Er Kokshe and Er Qosay, are given detailed scholarly descriptions, showing how they are depicted as embodiments of heroism in the people's ideals. The idea of defending the homeland is revealed through the images of these two heroes. The depiction of Er Qosay as a folk hero demonstrates his patriotism, pursuit of equality, and justice, which is artistically portrayed through realistic representations of his conflicts with enemies.

Semantic And Pragmatic Aspects Of Proverbs And Sayings

2026-02-23T02:56:22+00:00

This article examines the semantic and pragmatic dimensions of proverbs and sayings as fundamental units of the phraseological system of language. Using the method of literature analysis and personal analytical interpretation, the study explores how proverbs and sayings function both as carriers of fixed meaning and as dynamic communicative tools in discourse. The analysis reveals that the boundary between proverbs and sayings is often fluid, and their pragmatic force depends significantly on contextual, cultural, and situational factors.

Lexical Lacunae And Non-Equivalent Units: Interference In The Translation Process And Mechanisms For Its Prevention

2026-02-11T11:58:36+00:00

Lexical lacunae and non-equivalent units are among the most persistent sources of translation difficulty because they reveal asymmetries in how languages segment experience, conventionalize cultural knowledge, and distribute meaning between lexicon and grammar. When a target language lacks a conventionalized lexical match, translators often compensate through approximation. This compensation can trigger interference, understood here as the uncritical transfer of source-language patterns into the target text, resulting in semantic distortion, pragmatic infelicity, or stylistic incongruity. The present article offers a theoretically grounded and practice-oriented account of how lexical lacunae and non-equivalent units generate interference and how such interference can be prevented. Drawing on translation theory, lacunology, and contrastive semantics, the study develops an integrative mechanism that links detection of lacunarity to controlled choice of translation procedures and to post-translation quality control. The results of the analytical synthesis show that interference is most likely when translators rely on formal similarity, calquing, or dictionary-level equivalence without checking frame compatibility, collocational norms, and communicative function. Preventive mechanisms are effective when they treat lacunarity as a diagnostic signal prompting structured decision-making, documentation of choices, and targeted verification through context, comparable texts, and revision protocols.

The Artistic Function Of Supporting Images In Muhammed Ali’s Novel “Eternal Sun”

2026-02-20T11:37:58+00:00

This article analyzes the artistic function of secondary characters in the novel “Eternal sun” by the people’s writer of Uzbekistan, Muhammad Ali. Furthermore, the focus is on the image and character of secondary characters, particularly the protaginost, Khazret Navoi and demonstrates the importance of artistic deveces in the work.

L.N. Tolstoy And His Contribution To World Literature: Ethical, Philosophical And Artistic Synthesis

2026-02-14T20:14:27+00:00

This article examines the work of Leo Nikolayevich Tolstoy as a unique phenomenon in world literature, based on a profound synthesis of ethical and philosophical ideas and artistic mastery. It analyzes the writer's ideological foundations, the characteristics of his artistic method, his philosophy of history, and his moral quest in key works. Particular attention is given to the novels War and Peace and Anna Karenina, as well as Tolstoy's influence on the development of world literature and philosophical thought.

Systems Of Expressing Numbers In Language And Their Cultural Significance

2026-02-21T18:23:45+00:00

The article analyzes the role of numbers in linguistics, various numeral systems, the grammatical category of number, and the cultural-symbolic significance of numbers. It also examines the scientific and cultural role of numerology and linguistic numerology. The article highlights the role of numbers in language evolution and their socio-cultural importance in society.

Concepts And Symbols Defining Nafs

2026-02-10T13:04:06+00:00

Since the beginning of mankind, nafs and its related istilahs are constantly depicted side by side with it. In pre-Islamic and post-Islamic literature, lust has been described as a vice that encourages people to go astray. In religious and mystical sources, nafs is highlighted in order to educate a person, to encourage him to perfection, while in classical literature, the same goals are embodied as various concepts and symbols. At the very beginning, after the creation of Adam and Eve, the soul was instilled into their bodies. Perhaps this is why Allah tests them and requires them not to eat a fruit in paradise (in some sources it appears as wheat). But lust and the devil judge the minds of the two creatures and cause them to be expelled from paradise.

Linguocultural And Functional Equivalence In The Literary Translation Of Similes

2026-02-18T08:26:32+00:00

This article examines the process of translating similes in English and Uzbek literary texts from linguocultural, cognitive, and pragmatic perspectives. Special attention is paid to the aesthetic and stylistic functions of similes, their role in reflecting the author’s worldview, and their deep connection with national cultural representations. The study analyzes various translation strategies applied to similes, including literal translation, substitution with an equivalent simile, descriptive paraphrasing, omission, and functional equivalence. Through illustrative examples, the effectiveness of these strategies is evaluated. The article emphasizes the translator’s role as an intercultural mediator and concludes that the translation of similes is not merely a linguistic operation but a complex process of cultural and cognitive adaptation.

Methodology For Using Innovative Technologies In The Analysis Of “Tariqat” Ideas In The Works Of I. A. Bunin

2026-02-14T02:21:14+00:00

The article explores the possibilities of using innovative educational and digital technologies in the analysis of Sufi ideas in the works of I. A. Bunin within the context of the dialogue between Russian and Eastern cultures. The relevance of the study is determined by the need to integrate traditional literary analysis with modern digital methods of humanities research. The paper identifies philosophical and mystical motifs correlated with the Sufi worldview and substantiates the effectiveness of innovative technologies in the interpretation of literary texts within the educational and academic space of Uzbekistan.

Babur's Ideas About The Phenomenon Of The Holiday

2026-02-21T16:51:23+00:00

This article examines Babur’s perception of the phenomenon of festivity based on an analysis of his memoir “Baburnama.” The holiday is studied as a cultural, social, and symbolic phenomenon reflecting the ruler’s worldview and the characteristics of his era. The research employs historical-literary and cultural analysis. The findings show that in Babur’s interpretation, the feast functions not only as a form of celebration but also as a means of political legitimation, social cohesion, and aesthetic expression. The study concludes that festivity occupies a multifunctional position within Babur’s system of values.

A Comparative Analysis Of Syntactic Stylistic Devices In English And Uzbek Written Media Discourse

2026-02-09T11:11:14+00:00

This research explores the syntactic and stylistic nuances of written media discourse by comparing English and Uzbek texts across platforms like newspapers, advertisements, and social media. The study highlights how both languages employ tools such as antithesis, parallelism, and rhetorical questions to engage audiences, though their functional purposes often diverge based on cultural contexts. In English media, these devices frequently prioritize individualism, marketing efficiency, and emotional shock, whereas Uzbek media utilizes them to emphasize moral-philosophical values, social critique, and collective traditions. Syntactic techniques like asyndeton and inversion are further examined to show how they create rhythmic intensity and dramatic effect in journalism and poetry. Ultimately, the analysis demonstrates that while the grammatical structures may be similar, the communicative strategies reflect the distinct stylistic traditions and pragmatic goals of Western and Uzbek societies.

Vowel Acquisition Order in L1 from 18-36 months old Babies in Pakistani Context

2026-02-16T05:21:43+00:00

This study investigates the order of vowel acquisition in first language (L1) Urdu among infants aged 18 to 36 months in the Pakistani context. The number and classification of Urdu vowels remain debated in previous literature, resulting in limited empirical evidence regarding their developmental sequence. To address this gap, the study adopts an acoustic-phonetic approach to systematically record and analyze vowel production in early childhood. Four Urdu-speaking infants aged 18, 24, 30, and 36 months were selected through purposive sampling, ensuring that Urdu was the primary language used at home. Speech samples were recorded in naturalistic settings using an Android device and analyzed through Praat software. Acoustic analysis focused on formant frequencies (F1, F2, and F3) to identify and verify vowel sounds, which were then compared with standard phoneme charts for validation. The findings reveal a developmental pattern in vowel acquisition: back vowels are acquired earlier than front vowels; long vowels precede short vowels; and low vowels are acquired at later stages. The results contribute to the understanding of phonological development in Urdu-speaking children and provide empirical evidence for vowel acquisition hierarchy in L1 Urdu. This research offers valuable insights for linguists, speech-language pathologists, and early childhood language development studies in the Pakistani context.

Linguocultural Modelling Of Historical Concepts In Timurid Chronicles

2026-02-13T06:47:17+00:00

This study investigates the linguocultural modelling of key historical concepts in Timurid chronicles, focusing on how cultural knowledge, ideological values, and socio-political worldviews are encoded and transmitted through language in classical historiographic discourse. (Lakoff & Johnson, 1980; Evans, 2019). Drawing on a corpus of primary Timurid-era sources—including Temurnoma, Zafarnoma, and related chronicles — the research employs an integrated methodology combining cognitive linguistics, conceptual analysis, and discourse-oriented cultural linguistics. The analysis reconstructs culturally salient concepts such as authority, justice, statehood, rituality, military ethos, and territoriality, revealing their semantic evolution and symbolic configurations within Timurid intellectual culture. Through the identification of conceptual metaphors, culturally grounded lexical markers, and narrative framing strategies, the study demonstrates how historical concepts were linguistically modelled to shape collective cultural memory and legitimize political power. The findings contribute to a deeper understanding of Central Asian historical discourse, offering an innovative linguocultural framework applicable to the study of pre-modern texts across diverse cultural traditions. This research provides a theoretically grounded and empirically supported model useful for modern cognitive-historical studies, comparative cultural linguistics, and the interdisciplinary analysis of historical narratives.

The Expression Of Time And Personality In Elbek’s Stories

2026-02-20T11:50:09+00:00

This article examines the short story “The Sun of the Future” by Elbek, one of the major representatives of early twentieth-century Uzbek Jadid literature, as well as the poem “The Candle” appended to it, within the framework of the interpretation of time and the human being. The author analyzes opposing concepts such as darkness and light, oppression and enlightenment through symbolic images (the child, the mother, the sun, the candle). From an artistic and philosophical perspective, the article highlights issues of the struggle of human spirituality against the pressure of time, moral and ethical development, and hope for the future. In addition, the ideological and thematic harmony between the short story and the poem is systematically substantiated by means of a comparative table.

Cognitive Processes In Learning French As A Second Foreign Language

2026-02-14T20:36:27+00:00

This article analyzes the main cognitive processes involved in learning French as a second foreign language. In particular, the role of perception, memory, attention, thinking, and metacognitive strategies in language acquisition is examined from a theoretical and scientific perspective. The study highlights the psycholinguistic and neurocognitive foundations of second foreign language learning, as well as the influence of the mother tongue and the first foreign language on the acquisition of French. Special attention is paid to cross-linguistic transfer, cognitive load, and learner autonomy. The research findings emphasize the importance of applying cognitive and learner-centered approaches in the effective teaching of French. The article concludes with methodological recommendations for foreign language teaching practice.

Linguistic Diversity and Language Policy in a Globalized World

2026-02-12T07:41:56+00:00

In an increasingly globalized world, linguistic diversity has become both a valuable cultural resource and a complex policy challenge. Globalization, driven by economic integration, migration, technological advancement, and international communication, has intensified contact between languages while simultaneously privileging a small number of global languages. This article examines the relationship between linguistic diversity and language policy in global contexts, focusing on how states and institutions respond to multilingual realities. Drawing on sociolinguistic and language policy frameworks, the study explores the tension between language standardization and linguistic pluralism. Using a qualitative policy-analysis approach, the research analyzes selected national and international language policy documents to identify dominant ideologies, policy objectives, and implementation strategies related to linguistic diversity. The findings reveal that while many language policies rhetorically promote multilingualism and cultural inclusion, in practice they often prioritize economically powerful languages, leading to the marginalization of minority and indigenous languages. The study further demonstrates that language policy functions as an instrument of power, shaping access to education, employment, and social participation. The article argues that effective language policy in a globalized world must move beyond symbolic recognition of diversity and adopt inclusive, context-sensitive strategies that support linguistic rights and sustainable multilingualism. By contributing to debates in sociolinguistics and language policy studies, this research highlights the need for equitable policy frameworks that balance global communication demands with the preservation of linguistic diversity.

Why Peоple Want Fоreign Languages In The Mоdern Wоrld?

2026-02-20T11:43:30+00:00

This article critically examines the cоmpelling reasоns fоr the escalating demand fоr fоreign language prоficiency in the cоntempоrary wоrld. It mоves beyоnd traditiоnal academic mоtivatiоns tо analyze the prоfоund impact оf glоbalizatiоn, digitalizatiоn, and intercоnnected ecоnоmies оn individual and cоrpоrate linguistic needs. The paper investigates the dual benefits оf multilingualism: the cоgnitive and cultural advantages fоr the individual, and the significant ecоnоmic and cоmpetitive edge fоr businesses and natiоns. Thrоugh a cоmprehensive literature review and data-driven analysis, this research cоnfirms that fоreign language skills have transitiоned frоm a desirable asset tо an essential, high-value prоfessiоnal cоmpetency in the 21st century.

Inclusion In The Education System

2026-02-14T20:22:14+00:00

Inclusion in the education system has emerged as a central concept in modern pedagogy, emphasizing equal access to learning opportunities for all students regardless of their abilities, socio-economic backgrounds, or disabilities. This paper explores the principles, challenges, and strategies for implementing inclusive education, highlighting its impact on students, teachers, and society as a whole. The study draws on contemporary research and international practices to provide insights into creating effective inclusive learning environments.

Semantics Of Scientific, Political And Popular Comments In The Virtual Communication

2026-02-21T18:25:21+00:00

This article analyzes the semantic structure of Internet comments and uses A. Nurmonov’s concept of “semantic content of a lexeme” as a theoretical basis. Sema is interpreted as a hierarchical phenomenon in a five-level classification — nominative, significant, structural, connotative and pragmatic layers. Therefore, Internet discourse is interpreted as a generalization combining lexical, cognitive and pragmatic meanings based on semantic hierarchy.

Approaches To Preparing Future Educators For The Teaching Profession

2026-02-11T11:55:22+00:00

Preparing future educators for the teaching profession is a critical task of modern education systems, as the quality of teaching directly influences learners’ academic and personal development. This article examines contemporary approaches to teacher preparation, including competency-based, practice-oriented, reflective, and technology-integrated models. These approaches aim to develop professional knowledge, pedagogical skills, ethical responsibility, and adaptability among prospective teachers. The study highlights the importance of integrating theoretical instruction with practical experience to enhance professional readiness and teaching effectiveness. The findings suggest that a comprehensive and integrated approach to teacher education contributes to the formation of competent, innovative, and reflective educators capable of meeting the challenges of modern classrooms.

The Importance Of Note-Taking Skills

2026-02-18T08:33:05+00:00

Many English language learners face difficulties when they enter academic contexts, even after studying English for several years as the foundation of the General English is not that developed. Academic English requires not only subject-specific vocabulary, but also the ability to understand spoken and written information and organize it logically. Note-taking is one of the key skills that connects General English learning with academic success.

This article discusses how improvement in General English gradually leads to better Academic English performance, with a special focus on note-taking skills. The discussion is based on classroom experience and reflective teaching practice. At the beginning, students struggled to take notes because of limited vocabulary and weak listening comprehension. As their General English improved, their ability to identify key ideas and record information meaningfully also developed. The article suggests that note-taking should be taught step by step, starting from simple General English tasks and moving toward academic contexts.

Linguocultural Characteristics Of Phraseological Units

2026-02-14T02:23:56+00:00

Phraseological units, or idioms, are key linguistic phenomena that reflect the cultural, cognitive, and social dimensions of a speech community. This study examines the linguocultural characteristics of Uzbek phraseological units, focusing on their metaphorical structures, cultural references, and cognitive patterns. Using classical and contemporary dictionaries, literary texts, and oral sources, the research identifies idioms that encode social norms, moral values, and collective worldview. The findings highlight that Uzbek idioms are not only figurative expressions but also carriers of cultural knowledge, preserving historical experiences and ethical principles. These insights are crucial for language teaching, translation studies, and intercultural communication, demonstrating the role of phraseological units in maintaining national identity and transmitting collective cultural wisdom.

The Creative And Spiritual Power Of Poetry

2026-02-21T18:21:29+00:00

The article explores the influence of poetry on human thought and inner development, focusing on the harmony of idea and emotion through artistic expression. It examines the relationship between classical traditions and modern creativity, the formation of poetic styles, and their educational and aesthetic value.

Classification Of Cultural Components In The Translation Of Literary Works

2026-02-09T11:41:42+00:00

This article provides information on translation activity and its significance, as well as on the components that should be taken into consideration when translating literary works. Cultural components, which play a crucial role in the translation process, serve as a bridge between two cultures in the translation of literary texts and enable a work to be adapted into another language. In addition, the views of a number of scholars are presented and explained through relevant examples. To prevent difficulties in the translation of realia, the article also outlines the main strategies applied in the translation process.

Structural And Semantic Features Of Occasional Units

2026-02-17T11:20:40+00:00

This article analyzes the principles of the formation of occasional units, their lexical, semantic, morphological and syntactic properties on a scientific basis. The role of occasional units in linguopoetics in the formation of an individual style, their function in increasing imagery, and their place in the development of the Uzbek poetic language are widely covered. The study uses linguopoetic, semantic and stylistic approaches in harmony. The theoretical foundations, structural and semantic properties, use in literary texts and practical analysis of occasional units are covered, and occasional units are analyzed and their place in language development is assessed.