This study examines the classifications of translation methods proposed by five influential linguists—Roman Jakobson, Eugene Nida, Peter Newmark, Jean-Paul Vinay and Jean Darbelnet, and Lawrence Venuti. Each framework offers a distinct perspective, ranging from semiotic breadth to linguistic precision and cultural orientation. Through a systematic review of secondary sources, this analysis compares their theoretical foundations, levels of specificity, and practical implications for translation practice. The findings reveal the diversity within translation studies, reflecting its evolution from linguistic focus to a broader interdisciplinary scope, and underscore its relevance for translators navigating complex textual and cultural demands.

Translation, methods, adequacy

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