In the era of digital transformation, information intermediaries such as internet service providers, hosting platforms, and content aggregators play a central role in the dissemination, storage, and accessibility of information across digital networks. As their influence on communication, commerce, and public discourse expands, so does the legal necessity to regulate their activities, particularly with respect to civil liability for unlawful content distributed through their services.

Digital transformation, information intermediaries, service providers

United States Code, Title 17 (Copyright Act), §512(k)

Edwards, Lilian & Waelde, Charlotte (eds.), Law and the Internet, 3rd ed., Hart Publishing, 2009. - P. 123

Edwards, Lilian & Waelde, Charlotte (eds.), Law and the Internet, 3rd ed., Hart Publishing, 2009. - P. 123

Marsoof A. ‘Notice and takedown’: a copyright perspective //Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property. – 2015. – Т. 5. – №. 2. – P. 183-205.

Reichman J. H., Dinwoodie G. B., Samuelson P. A Reverse Notice and Takedown Regime to Enable Pubic Interest Uses of Technically Protected Copyrighted Works //Berkeley Tech. LJ. – 2007. – Т. 22. – P. 981.

U.S.C. § 512 (DMCA Safe Harbor Provisions) §512(a–d).

Eric Goldman, “Internet Law: Cases and Materials” (2022). - P. 273–274. “Service providers acting as passive conduits — mere technical intermediaries — qualify for §512(a) safe harbor because they do not select, alter or store the transmitted content. They function as neutral ‘pipes’ through which data flows.”

MacCarthy, M. (2021). Intermediary Liability in Digital Markets. In I. K. Gotts (Ed.), Antitrust Issues in the Evolving Digital Marketplace. - P. 115–118. American Bar Association.

Edwards, L., & Waelde, C. (Eds.). (2009). Law and the Internet (3rd ed., - P. 127128). Caching intermediaries retain data temporarily to improve transmission efficiency. They do not alter the content, nor do they decide what to store. Any access must be directed to the original source, preserving source integrity and transparency.

Mano, M. (2020). Internet Intermediaries and Copyright Law: An EU and US Perspective - P. 103-104. For instance, when Google stores cached copies of websites for user access, it acts as a system caching provider under §512(b). If notified of infringing material, Google must remove the cached copy promptly to retain safe harbor protection.

Canali D., Balzarotti D., Francillon A. The role of web hosting providers in detecting compromised websites //Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web. – 2013. – P. 177-188.

Hörnle, J. (2021). Internet Law and Regulation (2nd ed., pp. 201–204). Hosting providers such as YouTube or Facebook allow users to upload content independently. Although they do not initiate the transmission or modify content, they may incur conditional liability if they fail to act upon notification of unlawful material.

Perfect 10, Inc. v. CCBill LLC, 488 F.3d 1102 (9th Cir. 2007), - P. 1118-1120.

Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §512(a)(1).

Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §512(a)(2).

Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §512(a)(3).

Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §512(a)(4).

Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §512(m)(1).

Edwards, L., & Waelde, C. (Eds.). (2009). Law and the Internet 3rd ed., p. 123.

Gotts, I. K. (Ed.). (2021). Antitrust Issues in the Evolving Digital Marketplace (p. 117).

Directive 2000/31/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2000 on certain legal aspects of information society services, in particular electronic commerce, in the Internal Market ('Directive on electronic commerce'). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2000/31/oj/eng

Act on the Limitation of Liability for Damages of Specified Telecommunications Service Providers and the Right to Demand Disclosure of Identification Information of the Sender Act No. 137 of 2001. https://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/en/laws/view/3610/en

Balkin, J. M. (2004). Digital Speech and Democratic Culture: A Theory of Intermediary Liability. New York University Law Review, 79(1), 1–58.

Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §512(a).

Digital Millennium Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §512(c)(1).

Goldman, E. (2022). Internet Law: Cases and Materials (pp. 274–275).

Eric Goldman, Internet Law: Cases and Materials, 2022, pp. 273–274

U.S.C. §512(a)(1)

Войниканис, А.А. (2019). Правовое регулирование ответственности интернет-провайдеров за нарушения авторских прав. Москва: Юнити-Дана, с. 47–48.

Riordan, J. (2016). The Liability of Internet Intermediaries. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 283–285.

UMG Recordings, Inc. v. Shelter Capital Partners LLC, 718 F.3d 1006 (9th Cir. 2013)

https://www.law.berkeley.edu/files/Field_v_Google.pdf

Travis J. Miller, Search Engines and the DMCA Safe Harbor: A Functional Analysis, Berkeley Tech. L.J., Vol. 26, 2011, pp. 99–100

Shestakov D.V., Интернет-посредники и авторское право, СПб, 2018, с. 124