This article comprehensively examines the bioecological characteristics of fish in natural water bodies, particularly lakes. The influence of abiotic and biotic environmental factors on fish vital functions, their adaptive mechanisms, trophic relationships, and population structure is analyzed. The role of hydrological and ecological characteristics of water bodies in the formation of ichthyofauna is substantiated. The ecological groups of fish—rheophiles and limnophiles—are characterized, along with their requirements for oxygen levels, water flow, and food supply. The role of fish in the ecosystem through food chains and trophic levels is revealed. The results obtained have practical implications for the conservation of biodiversity, the rational use of fish resources, and the environmental sustainability of natural water bodies.

Bioecology, ichthyofauna, environmental factors, rheophiles

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