This article examines classical and eco-technological methods for synthesizing aromatic carboxylic acids, such as benzoic acid and its derivatives, which are pivotal in pharmaceuticals, materials science, and agrochemistry due to their versatile functional groups. Classical methods, including oxidation, hydrolysis, and carboxylation, offer high yields (80–95%) but often require harsh conditions, leading to increased waste and environmental concerns. Modern approaches, such as P(III)/P(V)-catalyzed conversions and palladium-catalyzed carbonylation, enhance efficiency and ecological sustainability by operating under milder conditions with reduced waste. The study analyzes the applications of derived products like esters, amides, and halogenated derivatives, highlighting their significance in industries ranging from food preservation to polymer production. By integrating empirical data and theoretical insights, the article provides practical recommendations for optimizing synthesis methods based on yield, selectivity, environmental impact, and economic efficiency, emphasizing the role of catalytic and eco-technological innovations in advancing organic synthesis.

Aromatic carboxylic acids, benzoic acid, oxidation

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