This study delves into the amination processes involved in the synthesis of urea derivatives, focusing on the transformation of carbonyl intermediates and direct carbonylation methods while maintaining the integrity of the urea scaffold. It examines reaction mechanisms, combines empirical data with theoretical insights, and traces the progression from traditional phosgene-dependent techniques, such as COCl₂/amine reactions, to contemporary sustainable innovations like manganese-catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling and CO₂-amine condensations. Traditional approaches deliver 80-95% yields but suffer from toxicity and waste issues, whereas modern methods attain up to 98% selectivity under mild conditions with lower ecological footprints. Key challenges, including reagent toxicity and reaction pressures, are mitigated through flow reactors or recyclable catalysts. The research offers actionable guidance for choosing superior synthesis routes, prioritizing yield, selectivity, environmental compatibility, and by-product reduction, advocating for the synergy of CO₂ utilization and dehydrogenative methods in efficient, green organic synthesis.

Urea derivatives, amination, nucleophilic addition

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